In November, 1996, Rambus entered into a development and license contract with Intel.[3]. Intel announced to the Wintel development community that it would only support the Rambus memory interface for its microprocessors,[4] Intel was granted rights to purchase 1M shares of Rambus' stock at $10 per share.[5]
In 1998, Intel planned to make a $500 million equity investment in Micron Technology, to accelerate the adoption of Direct RDRAM.[6] Other investment included paying $100 million to Samsung Electronics in 1999.[7]
As a transition strategy, Intel planned to support PC-100 SDRAM DIMM on future Intel 82x chipset using Memory Translation Hub (MTH).[8] In 2000, Intel recalled the Intel 820 motherboard with memory translator hub (MTH) because the MTH can, while doing simultaneous switching, produce noise that may cause the computer to hang mysteriously or to spontaneously reboot.[9] Since then, no production Intel 820 motherboards contain MTH.
In 2000, Intel subsidized RDRAM by bundling retail boxes of Pentium 4 CPU with 2 RIMMs.[10] Intel began to phase out Rambus subsidies in 2001.[11]
In 2003, Intel introduced Intel 865 and Intel 875 chipsets, which were marketed as high end replacement of Intel 850. Furthermore, the future memory roadmap did not include Rambus.[12]
Few DRAM manufacturers have ever obtained the license to produce RDRAM, and those who did license the technology failed to make enough RIMMs to satisfy PC market demand, causing RIMM to be priced higher than SDRAM DIMMs, even when memory prices skyrocketed during 2002.[13] During RDRAM's decline, DDR continued to advance in performance while, at the same time, it was still cheaper than RDRAM. Meanwhile, a massive price war in the DDR SDRAM allowed DDR SDRAM to be sold at or below production cost. DDR SDRAM makers were losing massive amounts of money, while RDRAM suppliers were making a good profit for every module sold. While it is still produced today, few motherboards support RDRAM. Between 2002-2005, market share of RDRAM had never extended beyond 5%.[14]
In 2004, it was revealed that SDRAM manufacturers Infineon, Hynix, Samsung, Micron, and Elpida had entered into a price-fixing scheme .[15] Infineon, Hynix, Samsung and Elpida all entered plea agreements with the US DOJ, pleading guilty to price fixing over 1999-2002.[16] They paid fines totalling over $700 million and numerous executives were sentenced to jail time.
Rambus has alleged that, as part of the conspiracy, the DRAM manufacturers acted to depress the price of DDR memory in an effort to prevent RDRAM from succeeding in the market. Those alleg
Sunday, May 17, 2009
Thursday, May 14, 2009
Intel® Core™ processors
Processor numbers for the Intel® Core™ i7 brand have the i7 identifier followed by a three digit numerical sequence.
Intel Core i7-940 processor
A higher number within a processor class or family generally indicates more features, including: cache, clock speed, Front Side Bus, Intel® QuickPath Interconnect, new instructions, or other Intel technolgies¹. A higher processor number may also have more of one feature and less of another.
Intel Core 2 Duo processor E8500
Processor numbers for the Intel® Core™2 processor family brands are categorized with an alpha prefix followed by a four digit numerical sequence. The table below explains the alpha prefixes used for the Intel Core 2 processor families.
Intel Core 2 Quad processor Q9550s
Processor numbers for the Intel® Core™2 Quad family have an alpha prefix followed by a four digit numerical sequence. Additionally, low power Intel Core 2 Quad processors are identifiable by an "S" suffix which represents processors having a lower thermal design power.
Intel Core i7-940 processor
A higher number within a processor class or family generally indicates more features, including: cache, clock speed, Front Side Bus, Intel® QuickPath Interconnect, new instructions, or other Intel technolgies¹. A higher processor number may also have more of one feature and less of another.
Intel Core 2 Duo processor E8500
Processor numbers for the Intel® Core™2 processor family brands are categorized with an alpha prefix followed by a four digit numerical sequence. The table below explains the alpha prefixes used for the Intel Core 2 processor families.
Intel Core 2 Quad processor Q9550s
Processor numbers for the Intel® Core™2 Quad family have an alpha prefix followed by a four digit numerical sequence. Additionally, low power Intel Core 2 Quad processors are identifiable by an "S" suffix which represents processors having a lower thermal design power.
Intel Processor
Intel processor numbers are based on a variety of features that may include the processor's underlying architecture, cache, Front Side Bus, clock speed, power and other Intel technologies¹. A processor number represents a broad set of features that can influence overall computing experience but is not a measurement of performance.
A higher number within a processor class or family generally indicates more features, but it may be more of one and less of another. Once you decide on a specific processor brand and type, compare processor numbers to verify the processor includes the features you are looking for.
Intel’s processor number system is used with the following brands:
• Intel Core Processors
• Intel Celeron Processors
• Intel Atom Processors
• Intel Xeon and Itanium Processors
A higher number within a processor class or family generally indicates more features, but it may be more of one and less of another. Once you decide on a specific processor brand and type, compare processor numbers to verify the processor includes the features you are looking for.
Intel’s processor number system is used with the following brands:
• Intel Core Processors
• Intel Celeron Processors
• Intel Atom Processors
• Intel Xeon and Itanium Processors
Mobile WiMAX Technology
Mobile WiMAX¹ is the next revolution in wireless technology that will enable pervasive, high-speed connectivity to meet the ever-increasing demand for broadband Internet on the go. Delivering the next leap in the mobile network evolution with fourth generation (4G) wireless, WiMAX will drive a wide array of devices well beyond what's available today, including notebooks, phones, consumer electronic devices, Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs) and more.
The WiMAX future
The only network optimized specifically for mobile broadband Internet, WiMAX is based on a set of global standards covering fixed, portable, and mobile deployments on an open network that will help drive and leverage the openness of the Internet, as opposed to prior generation's, closed systems, such as 3G networks.
The low-cost, all-IP network architecture and backwards compatibility with existing 2G and 3G cellular network deployments makes WiMAX easier and more cost-effective to deploy and operate than current mobile wireless data solutions. As a result, it has already garnered broad support from leading operators—both wired line and wireless—and device manufacturers around the world.
WiMAX provides two to three times the performance of 3G solutions today, with the ability to scale to ten times the performance in the future.² As a driving force in collaboration with industry leaders, Intel is working towards further expansion and support of WiMAX through technology advancements such as Intel® WiMAX/WiFi Link 5050 Series, an integrated module solution for notebooks with advanced MIMO antenna technology. Notebooks with Intel® Centrino® 2 processor technology will have Intel® WiMAX/WiFi Link 5050 Series as an available option in the latter half of 2008.
The WiMAX future
The only network optimized specifically for mobile broadband Internet, WiMAX is based on a set of global standards covering fixed, portable, and mobile deployments on an open network that will help drive and leverage the openness of the Internet, as opposed to prior generation's, closed systems, such as 3G networks.
The low-cost, all-IP network architecture and backwards compatibility with existing 2G and 3G cellular network deployments makes WiMAX easier and more cost-effective to deploy and operate than current mobile wireless data solutions. As a result, it has already garnered broad support from leading operators—both wired line and wireless—and device manufacturers around the world.
WiMAX provides two to three times the performance of 3G solutions today, with the ability to scale to ten times the performance in the future.² As a driving force in collaboration with industry leaders, Intel is working towards further expansion and support of WiMAX through technology advancements such as Intel® WiMAX/WiFi Link 5050 Series, an integrated module solution for notebooks with advanced MIMO antenna technology. Notebooks with Intel® Centrino® 2 processor technology will have Intel® WiMAX/WiFi Link 5050 Series as an available option in the latter half of 2008.
WiMAX Technology
WiMAX is the next-generation of wireless technology designed to enable pervasive, high-speed mobile Internet access to the widest array of devices including notebook PCs, handsets, smartphones, and consumer electronics such as gaming devices, cameras, camcorders, music players, and more. As the fourth generation (4G) of wireless technology, WiMAX delivers low-cost, open networks and is the first all IP mobile Internet solution enabling efficient and scalable networks for data, video, and voice. As a major driver in the support and development of WiMAX, Intel has designed embedded WiMAX solutions for a variety of mobile devices supporting the future of high-speed broadband on-the-go.
Tuesday, May 12, 2009
Internet Service
The technologies used to connect to the Internet are different than those used for connecting devices on local area network. DSL, cable modem and fiber provide fixed broadband Internet service, while WiMax and LTE additionally support mobile connectivity. In geographic areas where these high-speed options are unavailable, subscribers are forced to use older cellular services, satellite or even dial-up Internet instead.
Internet Connection Alternatives for Home Networks
DSL vs. Cable Modem Internet
Types of DSL
T1 and T3 Lines
Fiber Optic Cable
Internet Connection Alternatives for Home Networks
DSL vs. Cable Modem Internet
Types of DSL
T1 and T3 Lines
Fiber Optic Cable
Wireless Local Area Networks
Wi-Fi is the most popular wireless communication protocol for local area networks. Private home and business networks, and public hotspots, use Wi-Fi to networks computers and other wireless devices to each other and the Internet. Bluetooth is another wireless protocol commonly used in cellular phones and computer peripherals for short range network communication.
802.11a vs 802.11b vs 802.11g
Introduction to Wireless Hotspots
Wi-Fi Equipment Gallery
How Many Computers Can Share One Wi-Fi Network?
How Does Using Wi-Fi Affect Computer Battery Life?
What Is Bluetooth?
GHz (Gigahertz) and MHz (Megahertz)
Wireless Spread Spectrum Communication
dB / dB
802.11a vs 802.11b vs 802.11g
Introduction to Wireless Hotspots
Wi-Fi Equipment Gallery
How Many Computers Can Share One Wi-Fi Network?
How Does Using Wi-Fi Affect Computer Battery Life?
What Is Bluetooth?
GHz (Gigahertz) and MHz (Megahertz)
Wireless Spread Spectrum Communication
dB / dB
Wireless/Networking Technlogy
Fundamental Computer Networks Concepts
In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a combination of computer hardware and computer software. Some explanations of networking found in books and tutorials are highly technical, designed for students and professionals, while others are geared more to home and business uses of computer networks.
Types of Computer Networks
Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One method defines the type of a network according to the geographic area it spans. Alternatively, networks can also be classified based on topology or on the types of protocols they support.
Introduction to Area Networks
Introduction to Network Topologies
Packet Switching
Network Protocols
In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a combination of computer hardware and computer software. Some explanations of networking found in books and tutorials are highly technical, designed for students and professionals, while others are geared more to home and business uses of computer networks.
Types of Computer Networks
Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One method defines the type of a network according to the geographic area it spans. Alternatively, networks can also be classified based on topology or on the types of protocols they support.
Introduction to Area Networks
Introduction to Network Topologies
Packet Switching
Network Protocols
General-purpose Technology
Nanotechnology is sometimes referred to as a general-purpose technology. That's because in its advanced form it will have significant impact on almost all industries and all areas of society. It will offer better built, longer lasting, cleaner, safer, and smarter products for the home, for communications, for medicine, for transportation, for agriculture, and for industry in general.
Imagine a medical device that travels through the human body to seek out and destroy small clusters of cancerous cells before they can spread. Or a box no larger than a sugar cube that contains the entire contents of the Library of Congress. Or materials much lighter than steel that possess ten times as much strength. — U.S. National Science Foundation
Imagine a medical device that travels through the human body to seek out and destroy small clusters of cancerous cells before they can spread. Or a box no larger than a sugar cube that contains the entire contents of the Library of Congress. Or materials much lighter than steel that possess ten times as much strength. — U.S. National Science Foundation
Nanotechnology
A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced.
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.
When K. Eric Drexler (right) popularized the word 'nanotechnology' in the 1980's, he was talking about building machines on the scale of molecules, a few nanometers wide—motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far smaller than a cell. Drexler spent the next ten years describing and analyzing these incredible devices, and responding to accusations of science fiction. Meanwhile, mundane technology was developing the ability to build simple structures on a molecular scale. As nanotechnology became an accepted concept, the meaning of the word shifted to encompass the simpler kinds of nanometer-scale technology. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative was created to fund this kind of nanotech: their definition includes anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.
When K. Eric Drexler (right) popularized the word 'nanotechnology' in the 1980's, he was talking about building machines on the scale of molecules, a few nanometers wide—motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far smaller than a cell. Drexler spent the next ten years describing and analyzing these incredible devices, and responding to accusations of science fiction. Meanwhile, mundane technology was developing the ability to build simple structures on a molecular scale. As nanotechnology became an accepted concept, the meaning of the word shifted to encompass the simpler kinds of nanometer-scale technology. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative was created to fund this kind of nanotech: their definition includes anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties
Sunday, May 10, 2009
MOBILE TECHNOLOGY WITH CAMERA FACILITY
Mobile camera phone technology is evolving exponentially. Cellular phones started out as analog devices which only allowed people to make calls and send text messages. These days, we have smart phones which practically function as small computers. Even keypads on cell phones have even begun to disappear as touch screen phones become more prevalent.
Technological convergence is part of the evolution of mobile phones. Cell phones are no longer just simple communication tools. People now use mobile phones to surf the web or receive and send email. Most of today's mobile phones can play music, videos, and even provide directions through GPS. People also use mobile phones to take pictures or videos on a whim because many mobile phones now include a camera.
As mobile camera phones have become the norm, mobile phone makers have started to add high end camera features to handsets, such as flash, zoom, auto focus and the ability to take videos. Mobile phone manufacturers have also started to increase the number of megapixels. Users can now choose from regular phones that offer 2 to 3 megapixel cameras to high-end camera phones that offer 5 megapixel cameras. Extra powerful camera phones that offer up to 8 megapixels of resolution have also joined the competition. In addition, manufacturers have added other advanced features, such as face recognition technology, image stabilization, red eye reduction and the ability to upload photos directly to the web.
Technological convergence is part of the evolution of mobile phones. Cell phones are no longer just simple communication tools. People now use mobile phones to surf the web or receive and send email. Most of today's mobile phones can play music, videos, and even provide directions through GPS. People also use mobile phones to take pictures or videos on a whim because many mobile phones now include a camera.
As mobile camera phones have become the norm, mobile phone makers have started to add high end camera features to handsets, such as flash, zoom, auto focus and the ability to take videos. Mobile phone manufacturers have also started to increase the number of megapixels. Users can now choose from regular phones that offer 2 to 3 megapixel cameras to high-end camera phones that offer 5 megapixel cameras. Extra powerful camera phones that offer up to 8 megapixels of resolution have also joined the competition. In addition, manufacturers have added other advanced features, such as face recognition technology, image stabilization, red eye reduction and the ability to upload photos directly to the web.
Saturday, May 9, 2009
Pre multitask facility with Palm
Palm's WebOS delivers two important improvements that the iPhone can't yet match: true multitasking between applications, and a subtle notifications system that doesn't interrupt your train of thought. It does that while unveiling its own stamp on the multitouch user interface that Apple introduced to the masses with the iPhone and finding room for a slide-out hardware keyboard favored by CrackBerry addicts.
WebOS applications will be created with standard Web development tools such as CSS, JavaScript, and HTML that run on a version of the Webkit engine. This doesn't mean they are "Web applications," which require a connection to the Internet to work. It does, however, mean they are (in general) more lightweight and less-resource intensive than iPhone applications, which are developed using the Objective-C programming language
That may limit the performance of WebOS applications. Don't expect the sophisticated gaming community, for example, to embrace the Pre. But Palm's approach means it will be very easy for anyone who has developed a Web application to get up and running on Pre development, which could help expand the number of applications in the early days of the device if the smartphone world likes what they see.
Other mobile operating systems--notably Android and Windows Mobile--allow multitasking, but Palm has developed an elegant way of switching between "cards," something vaguely akin to a combination of Windows' Alt-Tab switching and Mac OS' Expose, or switching between tabs on a Web browser. New applications can be launched using the "Launcher" software button on the bottom of the home screen, and users navigate between different applications by flicking finger left or right Google
WebOS applications will be created with standard Web development tools such as CSS, JavaScript, and HTML that run on a version of the Webkit engine. This doesn't mean they are "Web applications," which require a connection to the Internet to work. It does, however, mean they are (in general) more lightweight and less-resource intensive than iPhone applications, which are developed using the Objective-C programming language
That may limit the performance of WebOS applications. Don't expect the sophisticated gaming community, for example, to embrace the Pre. But Palm's approach means it will be very easy for anyone who has developed a Web application to get up and running on Pre development, which could help expand the number of applications in the early days of the device if the smartphone world likes what they see.
Other mobile operating systems--notably Android and Windows Mobile--allow multitasking, but Palm has developed an elegant way of switching between "cards," something vaguely akin to a combination of Windows' Alt-Tab switching and Mac OS' Expose, or switching between tabs on a Web browser. New applications can be launched using the "Launcher" software button on the bottom of the home screen, and users navigate between different applications by flicking finger left or right Google
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